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　　2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题（三）

　　I VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR （50 POINTS）

　　Part 1 vocabulary selection

　　1.University training enables a man to see things as they are, to go right to the point and to disentangle a ____ of thought.

　　A line             B mass             C plethora            D skein

　　2. His _____ should not be confused with miserliness; she has always been willing to assist the poor.

　　A frugality            B diffidence        C intolerance          D intemperance

　　3. If you describe a collection of objects, ideas as _____, you mean that they are wider-ranging and come from many different sources.

　　A eccentric           B eclectic           C elastic              D elective

　　4. She decided to accept his offer of marriage after he ______ her for months with flowers and expensive presents.

　　A wrung              Bwiggled             C wonted            D wooed

　　5. My two-year-old nephew_____ the corner of the tablecloth and a bottle of red wine tipped over

　　A append          B yanked                C avouched          D bloated

　　6. During his years in Congress he has _______ with the chemical, drug and power companies on behalf of the ordinary person's right to breathe clean air.

　　A tussled          B actuated               C capsized           D fidgeted

　　7. Even when his reputation was in ____, almost everyone was willing to admit that he had genius.

　　A retaliation        B eclipse                C rebuttal           D differentiation

　　8. In the fact of an uncooperative Congress, the Chief Executive may find himself ___ to accomplish the political program to which he is committed .

　　A impotent        B permitted              C neutral            D equipped

　　9. I could wish for a more_______ occasion on which to announce my plans for enlarging our establishment.

　　A ominous          B propitious              C magnificent        D portentous

　　10. After several ________ attempts to send the missile into space, the spacecraft was finally launched successfully.

　　A abortive        B experimental           C preliminary            D excellent

　　11.He was not____ and preferred to be alone most of the time.

　　A gracious        B gregarious              C cordial                D antisocial

　　12. John left the company because he felt that advancement was based on ___  rather than on ability.

　　A seniority       B nepotism               C superciliousness          D maturation

　　13. It would be difficult for one so _____ to be led to believe that all men are equal and that we must disregarded race, color and creed.

　　A broadminded   B emotional              C intolerant              D democratic

　　14. The discoveries of science often are a mixed blessing; on the one hand they give us valuable pesticides that enable the farmer to grow more abundant crops and on the other hand they ______ the benefits by destroying the balance of nature.

　　A compromise         B misplace         C mollify                   D counteract

　　15. His ____ directions misled us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.

　　A complicated         B extenuating      C ambiguous               D arbitrary

　　Part 2 vocabulary replacement

　　16. Such terror of the unseen is so far above mere sensual cowardice that it will ANNIHILATE that cowardice.

　　A animate             B relish           C split                    D exterminate

　　17. My partner was promoted to detective after making an important LARCENY arrest.

　　A rape               B murder          C theft                  D suicide

　　18. She passed Catherine's door several times in the course of the evening, as if she expected to hear a PLAINTIVE moan behind it.

　　A obliterate          B despicable         C mournful                D enthusiastic

　　19. Babbitt utterly REPUDIATED the view that he had been trying to discover how approachable was Miss McGoun.

　　A rejected           B pervaded           C petrified                D upbraided

　　20. When the eye of the hurricane passes over, there was a LULL in the storm.

　　A fresh outburst       B calm interval       C rise in the wind         D freshening

　　21. Some of Abraham Lincoln's photographs portray him as GAUNT in the face.

　　A ugly                B saintly looking      C healthy                D excessively lean

　　22 The DELUGE of information generated in recent years places a burden on the government.

　　A chaos               B flood               C dagger                 D oasis

　　23. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determing（X OR Y ） chromosome, than highly ABERRANT sex ratios can occur.

　　A productive          B sophisticated        C anomalous             D archaic

　　24. When the plan of going abroad was proposed to Arthur, it was received by that gentleman with the greatest ALACRITY and enthusiasm.

　　A abundance B promptness  C brilliance         D partiality

　　25. Haggard and pale, shabbily or raggedly dressed, their boots broken and down at heel, they SLOUCHED past.

　　A torrid           B starving            C indolent            D pictorial

　　II Reading （50 points）

　　Text 1

　　Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”， with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well。

　　The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males。

　　Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different。

　　In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods （and much preferable to cucumbers）。 So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber （without an actual monkey to eat it） was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin。

　　The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question。

　　21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

　　[A] posing a contrast。

　　[B] justifying an assumption。

　　[C]making a comparison。

　　[D]explaining a phenomenon。

　　22. The statement “it is all too monkey” （Paragraph 1） implies that

　　[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals。

　　[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature。

　　[C]monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other。

　　[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions。

　　23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

　　[A]more inclined to weigh what they get。

　　[B]attentive to researchers' instructions。

　　[C]nice in both appearance and temperament。

　　[D]more generous than their male companions。

　　24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

　　[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers。

　　[B]can be taught to exchange things。

　　[C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated。

　　[D]are unhappy when separated from others。

　　25. When can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions。

　　[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source。

　　[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do。

　　[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild。

　　Text 2

　　Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's “personal search agent”。 It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,' says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company。

　　With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: ”Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility。“ says one expert。

　　For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept?Dwhat you think you want to do?Dthen broaden it. ”None of these programs do that,“ says another expert. ”There's no career counseling implicit in all of this。“ Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. ”I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,“ says the author of a job-searching guide。

　　Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When Career Site's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs-those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them and they do. ”On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,“ says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for Career Site。

　　Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. ”You always keep your eyes open,“ he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you。

　　26. How did Redmon find his job?

　　[A] By searching openings in a job database.

　　[B] By posting a matching position in a database

　　[C] By using a special service of a database

　　[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database。

　　27. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?

　　[A] Lack of counseling。

　　[B] Limited number of visits。

　　[C] Lower efficiency。

　　[D] Fewer successful matches。

　　28 The expression ”tip service“ （Line 3, Paragraph 3） most probably means

　　[A] advisory.

　　[B] Compensation.

　　[C] Interaction.

　　[D] reminder。

　　29. Why does Career Site's agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

　　[A] To focus on better job matches.

　　[B] To attract more returning visits。

　　[C] To reserve space for more messages。

　　[D] To increase the rate of success。

　　30. Which of the following is true according to the text?

　　[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters。

　　[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands。

　　[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed。

　　[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed。

　　Text 3

　　Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education, not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find。

　　”Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. ”Schools could be a counterbalance。“ Ravitch's latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits。

　　But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, ”We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society。“

　　”Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book。

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: ”We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing。“Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized: going to school and learning to read; so he can preserve his innate goodness。

　　Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines。

　　School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who ”joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise。“

　　31. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?

　　[A] The habit of thinking independently。

　　[B] Profound knowledge of the world。

　　[C] Practical abilities for future career。

　　[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits。

　　32. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of

　　[A] undervaluing intellect。

　　[B] favoring intellectualism。

　　[C] supporting school reform。

　　[D] suppressing native intelligence。

　　33. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are

　　[A] identical.

　　[B] similar.

　　[C] complementary.

　　[D] opposite。

　　34. Emerson, according to the text, is probably

　　[A] a pioneer of education reform.

　　[B] an opponent of intellectualism。

　　[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.

　　[D] an advocate of regular schooling。

　　35. What does the author think of intellect?

　　[A] It is second to intelligence.

　　[B] It evolves from common sense。

　　[C] It is to be pursued.

　　[D] It underlies power。

　　Text 4

　　In spite of ”endless talk of difference,“ American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is ”the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of difference“ characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into ”a culture of consumption“ launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered ”vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite。“ These were stores ”anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act。“ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization。

　　Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today's immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation-language, home ownership and intermarriage。

　　The 1990 Census revealed that ”a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 'very well' after ten years of residence。“ The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. ”By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families。“ Hence the description of America as a ”graveyard“ for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans。

　　Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics ”have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks。“ By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian--American women are married to non-Asians。

　　Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet ”some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power。“

　　Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment。

　　36. The word ”homogenizing“（Line 2, Paragraph 1） most probably means

　　[A] identifying.

　　[B] associating.

　　[C] assimilating.

　　[D] monopolizing。

　　37. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century

　　[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture。

　　[B] became intimate shops for common consumers。

　　[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite。

　　[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption。

　　38. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S。

　　[A] are resistant to homogenization。

　　[B] exert a great influence on American culture。

　　[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture。

　　[D] constitute the majority of the population。

　　39. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?

　　[A] To prove their popularity around the world。

　　[B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants。

　　[C] To give examples of successful immigrants。

　　[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture。

　　40. In the author's opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is

　　[A] rewarding.

　　[B] successful.

　　[C]. fruitless.

　　[D]. harmful。

　　Text 5

　　Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just ”mental noise“？Dthe random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is ”off-line。“ And one leading authority says that, these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. ”It's your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. ”If you don't like it, change it。“

　　Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement） sleep--when most vivid dreams occur--as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system （the ”emotional brain“） is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning） is relatively quiet. ”We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day“， says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement。

　　The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events--until, it appears, we begin to dream。

　　And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep。

　　At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or ”we wake up in a panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep--or rather dream--on it and you'll feel better in the morning。

　　41. Researchers have come to believe that dreams

　　[A] can be modified in their courses。

　　[B] are susceptible to emotional changes。

　　[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears。

　　[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs。

　　42. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show

　　[A] its function in our dreams。

　　[B] the mechanism of REM sleep。

　　[C] the relation of dreams to emotions。

　　[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex。

　　43. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to

　　[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind。

　　[B] develop into happy dreams。

　　[C] persist till the time we fall asleep。

　　[D] show up in dreams early at night。

　　44. Cartwright seems to suggest that

　　[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams。

　　[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control。

　　[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression。

　　[D] dreams may not entirely belong to the unconscious。

　　45. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

　　[A] Lead your life as usual。

　　[B] Seek professional help。

　　[C] Exercise conscious control。

　　[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime。

　　III Writing （50 points）

　　Living in university dormitories or apartments in the community?