海天考研网

　　2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题（二）

　　专业基础

　　I TERM DEFINING （10 POINTS）

　　language

　　phonetics

　　stem

　　categorization

　　subcategorization

　　IITRUE OR FALSE（20 POINTS）

　　A scientific study of language is on the basis of the systematic investigation of language facts.

　　Of all the design features of language, displacement is the most important.

　　English is not an intonation language.

　　Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological process.

　　Only one kind of prefix can be used to make the meaning of one adjective negative/

　　Since a compound is a word, its components can not be written separately.

　　To N.Chomsky, sentences are the grammatical sequences and the ungrammatical sequences are not sentences of language.

　　A major goal of linguistics is to show how syntactic rules account for the grammatical knowledge of native speakers with a consistent and explicit theory grammar.

　　As pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning, they are the same.

　　A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.

　　IIIGap filling（20 points）

　　“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”， a famous quotation from Shakespear's play Romeo and Juliet, illustrates the c_______  nature of language, or that language is a_______

　　In Chomsky's opinion, what linguists should study is the ideal speaker's c_______, not his _p_____.

　　In the case of “pit”， the /p/ sound is said to be a_____ and in the case of “spit”， the /p/ sound is u_________.

　　Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical r______ or grammatical c___  such as number, degree and case.

　　A syntactic category usually refers to a word which is called a l_________ category or a phrase called a p_________ category that performs a particular grammatical function.

　　In English there are tow major types of syntactic movement, one involving the movement of a n____ and the other involving the movement of a w________.

　　The s________ context and the l_______ context are two kinds of context that are recognized.

　　The four maxims and CP are the maxim of q_______, the maxim of q______, the maxim of r____, and the maxim of m________.

　　Taboo words or expressions r____ the particular social customs and views of a particular culture. The avoidance of using taboo language has no l______basis.

　　IV Choose the best answer.

　　1._________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.

　　A  psycholinguistics B Applied linguistics

　　C Sociolinguistics    D anthropological linguistics

　　2. “Tree ” in English, “arbre” in French and “Baum” in German all refer to the same thing “a type of tall plant with a wooden truck and branches” indicates that______.

　　A language is vocal        B language is arbitrary

　　C language is productive    D language is culturally transmitted

　　3. If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are_____ of the same phoneme.

　　A symbols        B allophones      C phones        D signs

　　4. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.

　　A the internal structure

　　B morpheme

　　C the rules by which words are formed

　　D word

　　5. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.

　　A Free morphemes    B Bound morphemes      C Affixes         D Roots

　　6. ________ are closed categories because no new words are allowed for.

　　A Syntactic categories       B Major lexical categories       C Minor lexical categories      D Phrasal categories

　　7. Sound（adj.） and sound （n） are identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning . they are _________.

　　A homophones         B homographs    C homonyms        D complete homonyms

　　8. The semantic features of word “girl” can be expressed as _____.

　　A + ANIMATE, -HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE

　　B +ANIMATE, +HUMAN, =ADULT, +MALE

　　C+ANIMATE, +HUMAN, +ADULT, -MALE

　　D+ANIMATE, +HUAMN,=ADULT,-MALE

　　9. What cooperative maxim is violated in the following dialogue?

　　A : Can you answer the telephone?

　　B: I'm in the bath.

　　A The maxim of relation

　　B The maxim of quality

　　C The maxim of quantity

　　D The maxim of manner

　　10.Cooperative principle was formed by ___.

　　A Paul Grice         B John Searle   C John Austin     D Levinson

　　V QUESTIONS（30 POINTS）

　　1.How language and thought develop and blend/

　　2.What are the important causes of regional dialects?

　　英美概况（30 points）

　　名词解释（20）

　　the Cabinet

　　the “System of Checks and  Balances”

　　the Civil Service Commission

　　the Commonwealth

　　QUESTIONS

　　1.What are serious disadvantages in British general election?

　　2.Exemplify “the-winner-take-all” principle

　　TRANSALATION（20 POINTS）

　　What Is the Force of Gravity?

　　If you throw a ball up, it will come down again. What makes it come down? The ball comes down because it is pulled or attracted towards the Earth. The Earth exerts a force of attraction on all objects. Objects that are nearer to the Earth are attracted to it with a greater force than those that are further away. This force of attraction is known as the force of gravity. The gravitational force acting on an object at the Earth's surface is called the weight of the object.

　　All the heavenly bodies in space like the moon, the planets and the stars also exert an attractive force on objects. The bigger and heavier a body is, the greater is its force of gravity. Thus, since the moon is a smaller body than Earth, the force it exerts on an object at its surface is less than that exerted by the Earth on the same object on the Earth's surface. In fact, the moon's gravitational force is only one-sixth that of the Earth. This means that an object weighing 120 kilograms on Earth will only weigh 20 kilograms on the moon. Therefore on the moon you could lift weights which are six times heavier than the heaviest weight that you can lift on Earth.

　　时间之谜

　　如果你能够看懂时钟，你就可以知道一天的时间。但是谁也不知道，时间本身究竟是什么。时间是看不到、摸不着、听不见的，我们只能记录时间消逝的办法才知道时间的存在。虽然我们成功的测量了时间的分分秒秒，但时间仍然是宇宙间及其神秘的现象之一。

　　思考时间的一个方法是设想一个没有时间的世界。那样，就不可能有运动了，因为时间和运动是不可分开的。一个没有时间的世界只有在没有变化的情况下才能存在。因为时间和变化是联系在一起的。当某件事发生变化时，你知道时间已经流逝。在现实世界里，变化是永无止境的，有一些变化，如月食，只发生在瞬间，而另一些变化则反复出现，比如日出和日落。人们一直注意那些反复出现的自然现象，在人们开始计算这些现象时，他们就开始测定时间了。